In CANDIDE (1759), the French philosopher and historian Voltaire made some references to Persia but 21^st c. translator (Theo Cuffe) OMITTED the relationship of these concepts to Iran/Persia…

For ex:

* Persian fabric workshops are common in Holland… (there is no discussion by translator about popularity of Persian goods in the West)...

* A town near Sierra Morena in Spain is called Avacena (the translator, however, does not tell the reader the identification and significance of Avacena but remarks that this is a fictional town…so the 21^st c. translator omits Persia… Voltaire could have named a fictional town anything so why did he name it Avacena… the readers will never know thanks to the translator)…

* A character in the book claim to be a Manichean when discussing physical evil vs. moral evil … (don’t believe the translator discussed origins of Manichean)…

* King of Poland claims he is the best Sarmatian king ever…(the translator does not identify Sarmatians as Iranian people but states that it refers to Poland and its inhabitants… so 21^st c. translator omitted Iranians)…

* Philosophers in Ottoman Empire are called dervish… (the 21^st c. translator again does not identify the Persian root of this word and concept…only refers to it as a religious brotherhood… once again Persia is omitted by current scholars/authors/translators)…

* The government in the Ottoman Empire is called divan… (the 21^st c. translator again does not identify the Persian root of this word and concept…and only refers to it as Turkish council of state… once again Persia is omitted by current scholars/authors/translators)…

* In a list of ancient kings Astyages and Darius are named…(don’t believe the translator identified these kings as Iranian)…

[pic ericrobertmorse: for educational purposes only]